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Merge pull request 'created doc/talks subfolder and added my talk and the previous one done at the wide team' (#67) from talks into main

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Reviewed-on: Deuxfleurs/garage#67
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Alex 2021-04-30 15:47:11 +02:00
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doc/book/src/intro.md
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@ -89,7 +89,9 @@ If you encounter a specific bug in Garage or plan to patch it, you may jump dire
We love to talk and hear about Garage, that's why we keep a log here:
- [(fr, 2020-12-02) Garage : jouer dans la cour des grands quand on est un hébergeur associatif](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/src/branch/main/doc/20201202_talk/talk.pdf)
- [(en, 2021-04-28) Distributed object storage is centralised](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/raw/branch/talks/doc/main/2021-04-28_spirals-team/talk.pdf)
- [(fr, 2020-12-02) Garage : jouer dans la cour des grands quand on est un hébergeur associatif](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/raw/branch/main/doc/talks/2020-12-02_wide-team/talk.pdf)
*Did you write or talk about Garage? [Open a pull request](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/) to add a link here!*

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*.bbl
*.aux
*.bcf
*.blg
*.log
*.run.xml
*.synctex.gz
build/
main.pdf
figures/crdt.pdf

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.PHONY: all viewpdf pdf clean
TARGET = main
SOURCE_FILES = $(shell find . -type f -name "*.tex" -print)
CLASS_FILES = $(shell find . -type f -name "*.cls" -print)
BIB_FILES = $(shell find . -type f -name "*.bib" -print)
FIGURES = $(shell find . -path "./figures/*" -type f -print)
BUILD_PATH = build
BUILD_FILES = $(shell find $(BUILD_PATH) -type f -print)
BIB_PROCESSOR := biber
.PHONY: all pdf clean figures
all: pdf
pdf: $(TARGET).pdf
clean:
@rm $(TARGET).pdf $(BUILD_FILES) > /dev/null 2>&1 || exit 0
figures: figures/crdt.pdf
$(TARGET).pdf: figures $(FIGURES) $(SOURCE_FILES) $(BIB_FILES) $(CLASS_FILES)
@mkdir -p $(BUILD_PATH) > /dev/null 2>&1 || exit 0
@pdflatex -interaction=nonstopmode -jobname=$(TARGET) -output-directory $(BUILD_PATH) $(TARGET).tex
@$(BIB_PROCESSOR) --output-directory $(BUILD_PATH) $(TARGET)
@pdflatex -interaction=nonstopmode -jobname=$(TARGET) -output-directory $(BUILD_PATH) $(TARGET).tex # For biber
@pdflatex -interaction=nonstopmode -jobname=$(TARGET) -output-directory $(BUILD_PATH) $(TARGET).tex # For biber
@ln -fs $(BUILD_PATH)/$(TARGET).pdf $(TARGET).pdf
figures/crdt.pdf: figures/svg/crdt.svg
@inkscape -C --file=$< --export-pdf=$@

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Presentation of Garage by Adrien on April, 28th 2021, for his research team [Spirals](https://team.inria.fr/spirals/).

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@inproceedings{brewer_towards_2000,
title = {Towards {{Robust Distributed Systems}}},
booktitle = {{{ACM PODC}}},
author = {Brewer, Eric},
year = {2000}
}
@incollection{defago_conflict-free_2011,
title = {Conflict-{{Free Replicated Data Types}}},
booktitle = {Stabilization, {{Safety}}, and {{Security}} of {{Distributed Systems}}},
author = {Shapiro, Marc and Pregui{\c c}a, Nuno and Baquero, Carlos and Zawirski, Marek},
year = {2011},
address = {{Berlin, Heidelberg}},
}
@inproceedings{decandia_dynamo:_2007,
title = {Dynamo: {{Amazon}}'s {{Highly Available Key}}-Value {{Store}}},
booktitle = {{ACM SOSP}},
author = {DeCandia, Giuseppe and Hastorun, Deniz and Jampani, Madan and Kakulapati, Gunavardhan and Lakshman, Avinash and Pilchin, Alex and Sivasubramanian, Swaminathan and Vosshall, Peter and Vogels, Werner},
year = {2007},
address = {{New York, USA}},
}

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\section{Conclusion}
\begin{frame}{The future is cooler when we bend it our way}
Contributions welcome! :D
\end{frame}

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\section{Escaping the cloud}
% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \begin{frame}{Down to Earth with home-hosting}
% \todo{Stanley Parabole reference?}
% \end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{Why?}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Privacy}: no prying eyes besides your ISP
\item \textbf{Control} of your infrastructure
\item \textbf{Ecology}: reuse old hardware
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\begin{block}{\emph{Tim Berners-Lee} (1994)}
``Now, if someone tries to monopolize the Web, for example pushes proprietary variations on network protocols, then that would make me unhappy.''
\end{block}
\begin{itemize}
\item Make Tim Berners-Lee happy
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{What?}
\centering\Large
A data store for commodity hardware on heterogenous household connections.
\vfill\raggedright\normalsize
\begin{block}{Targetting user-facing services}
\begin{itemize}
\item Static sites
\item E-mails
\item Instant communication
%\item Video streaming % No need for a data store
\item Collaboration
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\vfill
Nothing fancy like sensors data streams, AI or IoT.
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{What?}
\begin{block}{Requirements}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{No single point of failure} / flat hierarchy:
Any node can die for extended periods of time.
\item \textbf{Multi-site}: cluster spans regions/countries.
\item \textbf{Acceptable performance}.
\item \textbf{Lightweight}: targets legacy hardware.
\item \textbf{Conceptually simple}: built for low-tech organisations.
Adding/maintaining cluster nodes should be easy.
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\vfill
\begin{block}{Non-goals}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Super badass performance}.
\item \textbf{NAT traversal} etc.: we require full-mesh connectivity.
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{How?}
\begin{itemize}
\item Theoretically possible with object storage \& CRDTs.
\vfill
\item Household uplinks are getting decent (optical fibers).
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{Research Questions}
\begin{itemize}
\item Decent performance despite bad inter-node connectivity.
\vfill
\item Tailoring workloads as a function of nodes' capabilities:
\begin{itemize}
\item Make use of low-end nodes (e.g. Raspberry Pis),
\item Avoid impeding global performance because of low-end nodes.
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\item Building CRDTs for target use-cases:
\begin{itemize}
\item Software engineering: DSL or native code?
\item Provide APIs to data store users? Risky?
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\item Cluster management: effortless UX, low perf. overhead.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

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\section{Introducing Garage}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{Brought to you by the Deuxfleurs association}
\begin{block}{\textbf{deuxfleurs.fr} -- a libre hosting association with a vision}
``Shifting the current structure of the Internet from a world of a few very large service providers, to a world where services are hosted by a variety of smaller organisations.''
\end{block}
\begin{block}{Our goals}
\begin{itemize}
\item To propose performant \& reliable libre services for the masses
\item To host and administer our infrastructure ourselves
\item To allow members to contribute storage/compute nodes
\item Resilience: for availability \& the sysadmins' sleep
\item Conceptual simplicity to ease onboarding \& demistify hosting
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{The lacking state of the practice}
\begin{block}{Object storage fitted our needs}
\begin{itemize}
\item Distributed by design
\item Objects are replicated
\item Conceptually simple
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\vfill
\begin{block}{Existing object stores did not}
\begin{itemize}
\item Too specific / complex
\item Resource hungry
\item Hidden constraints
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\vfill
We developed Garage, an object store with minimal functionality.
It works, and serves our static sites and media.
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{Introducing Garage}
\centering
\url{garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr}
\url{git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage}
\includegraphics[width=.4\columnwidth]{figures/garage_distributed.png}
\vfill
\raggedright
\begin{itemize}
\item Distributed data store
\item Based on DynamoDB object store (P2P!)
\item Modular data types/protocols with CRDTs:
\begin{itemize}
\item Done: objects (media, static sites, backups...) via S3 API
\item To do: e-mails via IMAP protocol, and more
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[t]{The \textbf{RING}}
\centering
\fullcite{decandia_dynamo:_2007}
\vspace{3ex}
\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.5\columnwidth]{figures/c1.pdf}}%
\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=.5\columnwidth]{figures/c2.pdf}}%
\only<3>{\includegraphics[width=.5\columnwidth]{figures/c3.pdf}}%
\only<4>{\includegraphics[width=.5\columnwidth]{figures/c4.pdf}}%
\vspace{5ex}
%\raggedright
\only<1>{Each node is assigned a unique ID on the circular address space.}%
\only<2-3>{When a new object is added to the store...}%
\only<3>{\\ It is assigned a unique ID (its \emph{key}) on the address space.}%
\only<4>{The $R$ nodes after the object are in charge of replicating it.}%
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{Distributed metadata}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth]{figures/garage_tables.pdf}
\vfill
The objects, versions and blocks are all stored in the ring.
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{Written in Rust}
\begin{columns}
\column{.65\columnwidth}
Entirely written in Rust!
\column{.35\columnwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.85\columnwidth]{figures/rustacean-flat-happy.png}
\end{columns}
\vfill
\begin{columns}
\column[t]{.6\columnwidth}
\textbf{Pros:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Compiled and fast
\item Features prevent usual mistakes:
strongly typed, immutable by default, ownership instead of GC...
\item Best of several paradigms:
imperative, OO, functional
\item Good libraries for network programmings:
serialization, http, async/await...
\end{itemize}
\column[t]{.4\columnwidth}
\textbf{Cons}:
\begin{itemize}
\item Steep learning curve
\item Long compilation times
\item Compiler rage
\end{itemize}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

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%% Imports %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%% Biblio %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{Introduction}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{A very casual motivation}
\begin{center}
\Large
I want to host \textbf{resilient web services} with \textbf{acceptable performance} on commodity hardware behind \textbf{household networks}.
\end{center}
\vfill
\begin{block}{Keywords}
\begin{columns}
\column{.5\columnwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item Decentralised networks
\item Edge computing
\end{itemize}
\column{.5\columnwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item Distributed storage
\item Privacy
\end{itemize}
\end{columns}
\end{block}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{Context}
\textbf{Resilience}: Ability to recover quickly from failures and changes.
\vspace{1ex}
Only achievable through distribution of the hosted applications across several physical locations.
\vfill
\begin{block}{Application = \textbf{computations} on \textbf{data}}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Computation}: Stateless; easy to distribute \& orchestrate.
% where it is performed does not matter as long as the application's state is accessible R/W
%Computation units are "easy" to distribute and orchestrate.
\item \textbf{Data}: Stateful; hard to distribute \& full of trade-offs.
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{Concurrent writes example}{How to lose vaccines}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.5\columnwidth]{figures/conflict_problem.pdf}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{The problem}
% \textbf{Path dependency}: existing data stores are built for data centres.
% $\implies$ They assume good inter-node connectivity.
% \vfill
\begin{center}
\Large
Can we design an available data store tailored for adverse network conditions?
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Maybe more framing of the context. What kind of data storage? Object vs Block vs what?
% \begin{frame}{``Stateless'', ``serverless'', and the elephant in the room}
% It seems easy to deploy \& administer web services nowadays ...
% Because the inherent complexity is shadowed by proprietary ``cloud'' solutions.
% The IT crowd can gloss over ``statelessness'' \emph{ad nauseam} ...
% But storing \emph{state} remains an open research problem.
% Data storage is either:
% \begin{itemize}
% \item A single point of failure;
% \item Delegated to proprietary solutions;
% \item Pain.
% \end{itemize}
% Today, we will review networked storage's history, and discuss open research questions.
% \end{frame}

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\documentclass[compress]{beamer}
\input{header.tex}
%% Metadata %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\title{Distributed object storage is centralised}
\subtitle{A quest for autonomy in the modern hosting ecology}
\author{Adrien Luxey}
\date{Wednesday, 28th April, 2021}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% Begin document %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{document}
%% Title page %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
{
\setbeamertemplate{footline}{}
\setbeamertemplate{headline}{}
\begin{frame}
\titlepage
\end{frame}
}
%% Contents %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\input{introduction.tex}
\input{sota.tex}
\input{escaping_the_cloud.tex}
\input{garage.tex}
\input{conclusion.tex}
%% Bibliography %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \begin{frame}
% \large
% \raggedright
% Références
% \printbibliography
% \end{frame}
%% Ending %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
{
\setbeamertemplate{footline}{}
\setbeamertemplate{headline}{}
\begin{frame}
\centering
\vspace{1cm}
\Large Thank you for your attention.
\vspace{2cm}
\large Now let's chat!
\vspace{1cm}
\raggedleft
\includegraphics[width=.2\textwidth]{figures/m_proxy_gray.pdf}
\end{frame}
}
%% Appendices %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \appendix
% \input{sprinkler_appendix.tex}
% \input{cascade_appendix.tex}
% \input{spores_appendix.tex}
\end{document}

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\section{State of the art}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{The CAP theorem}{Consistency vs. Availability}
\begin{block}{Eric Brewer's theorem}
``A shared-state system can have \textbf{at most two} of the following properties at any given time:
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{C}onsistency
\item \textbf{A}vailability
\item \textbf{P}artition tolerance''
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\begin{center}
\Large
Under network partitions, a distributed data store has to sacrifice either availability or consistency.
\end{center}
\vfill
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Consistency-first}: Abort incoming queries;
\item \textbf{Availability-first}: Return possibly stale data.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{Consistency-first: the ACID model}{Consistency vs. Availability}
\textbf{Transaction}: unit of work within an ACID data store.
%Comprises multiple operations.
%E.g. bank transfer.
%E.g. a bank transfer from A to B is a transaction involving two operations: withdraw money from A & credit B with the same money amount.
\vfill
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{\underline{A}tomicity}: Transactions either complete entirely or fail.
No transaction ever seen as in-progress.
\item \textbf{\underline{C}onsistency}: Transactions always generate a valid state.
The database maintains its invariants across transactions.
\item \textbf{\underline{I}solation}: Concurrent transactions are seen as sequential.
Transactions are serializable, or sequentially consistent.
\item \textbf{\underline{D}urability}: Committed transactions are never forgotten.
\end{itemize}
\vfill\centering
Reads are fast, writes are slow.
\vfill\raggedright
Example: relational databases.
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[fragile]{Concurrent writes in ACID}{Consistency vs. Availability}
\begin{columns}
\column{.5\columnwidth}
\begin{block}{}
\begin{lstlisting}
transaction AcqDoses(y):
x <- SELECT #vaccines;
UPDATE #vaccines = (x + y);
\end{lstlisting}
\end{block}
\vspace{5ex}
Supports compound operations.
\column{.5\columnwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/conflict_acid.pdf}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{Availability-first: the BASE model}{Consistency vs. Availability}
Some apps prefer availability, e.g. Amazon products' reviews.
\vfill
The BASE model trades Consistency \& Isolation for Availability.
%Some applications do not care about strong consistency and prefer being highly available (e.g. Amazon's product reviews).
%In order to achieve higher availability, the BASE model relaxes consistency constraints of the ACID model: "eventual consistency".
\vfill
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{\underline{B}asic \underline{A}vailability}:
The data store thrives to be available.
\item \textbf{\underline{S}oft-state}:
Replicas can disagree on the valid state.
\item \textbf{\underline{E}ventual consistency}:
In the absence of write queries,
the data store will eventually converge to a single valid state.
\end{itemize}
\vfill\centering
Writes are fast, reads are slow.
\vfill\raggedright
Examples: key-value \& object stores.
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{Concurrent writes in BASE}{Consistency vs. Availability}
\begin{columns}
\column{.5\columnwidth}
\begin{block}{Object}
\begin{itemize}
\item Unique key
\item Arbitrary value
\item Metadata
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\vspace{5ex}
Conflict resolution = client's job!
\vspace{5ex}
No compound operations.
\column{.5\columnwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/conflict_base.pdf}
\end{columns}
% KV storage is another example, distinction is minor here
% Object = unique key, arbitrary value, metadata.
% Object storage only provides semantics to investigate causal order of queries *for individual objects*. No compound operations, no transactions.
% Much easier to distribute, and "scale-out".
% Write is fast, read is slow (gotta collect all object versions).
% \todo{vaccines example with BASE model}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{Strong Eventual Consistency w/ CRDTs}{Consistency vs. Availability}
\centering\small
\fullcite{defago_conflict-free_2011}
\vfill\raggedright\normalsize
\begin{block}{Strong Eventual Consistency (SEC)}
\begin{itemize}
\item CRDTs specify distributed operations
\item Conflicts will be solved according to specification
\item Proven \& bound eventual convergence
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\vfill\centering
\includegraphics[width=.5\columnwidth]{figures/crdt.pdf}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[fragile]{Concurrent writes with CRDTs}{Consistency vs. Availability}
\begin{columns}
\column{.5\columnwidth}
\begin{block}{}
\begin{lstlisting}
CRDT Counter(x0):
history = {}
op. incr(y):
history U= {(UUID(), y)}
op. decr(y):
history U= {(UUID(), -y)}
op. read():
x = x0
for (_, y) in history:
x += y
return x
\end{lstlisting}
\end{block}
\vspace{2ex}
Operations commute?
$\implies$ screw total order!
\column{.5\columnwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/conflict_crdt.pdf}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{A complex CRDT: the DAG}{Consistency vs. Availability}
\centering
\only<1>{\includegraphics[height=\textheight]{figures/dag_crdt.png}}%
\only<2>{
Just to say I swept a lot under the rug.
\vfill
For details, go read:
\fullcite{defago_conflict-free_2011}
\vfill
For an implementation, check \textbf{AntidoteDB}.
}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{State of the practice}{Path dependency to the ``cloud''}
\begin{block}{The BASE model is fashionable because}
\centering
``\emph{High-performance} object storage for \emph{AI analytics} with PBs of \emph{IoT data streams} at the \emph{edge}, using \emph{5G}.''
% \begin{itemize}
% \item Highest performance
% \item IoT data streams are inherently distributed
% \end{itemize}
\end{block}
\vfill\centering
\includegraphics[width=.9\columnwidth]{figures/minio_edge.png}
\vfill\raggedright
%\begin{block}{}
\begin{itemize}
\item Always backed by cloud: high performance network links.
\item Edge nodes always seen as clients or data sources, not peers.
\end{itemize}
%\end{block}
% There is \textbf{always a central cloud cluster} in these use-cases.
% Hidden constraint: \textbf{high performance inter-node connectivity}.
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \begin{frame}{A brief history of storage}
% We keep it short because we'll follow chronological order in the next section too.
% \end{frame}
% \begin{frame}{In the beginning, there were \emph{monoliths}}
% \includegraphics[width=.5\columnwidth]{figures/stonehenge.jpg}
% Web applications used to be monolithic:
% \begin{itemize}
% \item One or two servers;
% \item Availability was not an obsession;
% \item Latency was acceptable.
% \end{itemize}
% Relational databases were queens.
% \end{frame}
% \begin{frame}{Then came \emph{expectations}}
% Then, the whole world went online, and suddenly: expectations!
% \begin{itemize}
% \item ``Milliseconds matter.'' (Algolia slogan)
% \item Critical networked services (healthcare, logistics) need 100\% availability
% \end{itemize}
% $\implies$ Microservices \& horizontal scalability.
% \todo{Develop on the `herd not sheep' paradigm a bit.}
% \end{frame}
% \begin{frame}{Distributing state/storage: the remaining unknown}
% The microservices orchestration game works well for \emph{stateless} services.
% However, any application requires \emph{state}, persistent data.
% And this is tough. As we will now see.
% (Not that it's not well studied: distributed storage has always been fashionable.)
% \end{frame}

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