diff --git a/cache/dynacache/dynacache.go b/cache/dynacache/dynacache.go
index a906a0dd3..25d0f9b29 100644
--- a/cache/dynacache/dynacache.go
+++ b/cache/dynacache/dynacache.go
@@ -176,11 +176,12 @@ func (c *Cache) ClearMatching(predicatePartition func(k string, p PartitionManag
 }
 
 // ClearOnRebuild prepares the cache for a new rebuild taking the given changeset into account.
-func (c *Cache) ClearOnRebuild(changeset ...identity.Identity) {
+// predicate is optional and will clear any entry for which it returns true.
+func (c *Cache) ClearOnRebuild(predicate func(k, v any) bool, changeset ...identity.Identity) {
 	g := rungroup.Run[PartitionManager](context.Background(), rungroup.Config[PartitionManager]{
 		NumWorkers: len(c.partitions),
 		Handle: func(ctx context.Context, partition PartitionManager) error {
-			partition.clearOnRebuild(changeset...)
+			partition.clearOnRebuild(predicate, changeset...)
 			return nil
 		},
 	})
@@ -479,7 +480,12 @@ func (p *Partition[K, V]) clearMatching(predicate func(k, v any) bool) {
 	})
 }
 
-func (p *Partition[K, V]) clearOnRebuild(changeset ...identity.Identity) {
+func (p *Partition[K, V]) clearOnRebuild(predicate func(k, v any) bool, changeset ...identity.Identity) {
+	if predicate == nil {
+		predicate = func(k, v any) bool {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
 	opts := p.getOptions()
 	if opts.ClearWhen == ClearNever {
 		return
@@ -525,7 +531,7 @@ func (p *Partition[K, V]) clearOnRebuild(changeset ...identity.Identity) {
 	// Second pass needs to be done in a separate loop to catch any
 	// elements marked as stale in the other partitions.
 	p.c.DeleteFunc(func(key K, v V) bool {
-		if shouldDelete(key, v) {
+		if predicate(key, v) || shouldDelete(key, v) {
 			p.trace.Log(
 				logg.StringFunc(
 					func() string {
@@ -601,7 +607,7 @@ type PartitionManager interface {
 	adjustMaxSize(addend int) int
 	getMaxSize() int
 	getOptions() OptionsPartition
-	clearOnRebuild(changeset ...identity.Identity)
+	clearOnRebuild(predicate func(k, v any) bool, changeset ...identity.Identity)
 	clearMatching(predicate func(k, v any) bool)
 	clearStale()
 }
diff --git a/cache/dynacache/dynacache_test.go b/cache/dynacache/dynacache_test.go
index 87239479b..14abf240d 100644
--- a/cache/dynacache/dynacache_test.go
+++ b/cache/dynacache/dynacache_test.go
@@ -147,13 +147,13 @@ func TestClear(t *testing.T) {
 
 	c.Assert(cache.Keys(predicateAll), qt.HasLen, 4)
 
-	cache.ClearOnRebuild()
+	cache.ClearOnRebuild(nil)
 
 	// Stale items are always cleared.
 	c.Assert(cache.Keys(predicateAll), qt.HasLen, 2)
 
 	cache = newTestCache(t)
-	cache.ClearOnRebuild(identity.StringIdentity("changed"))
+	cache.ClearOnRebuild(nil, identity.StringIdentity("changed"))
 
 	c.Assert(cache.Keys(nil), qt.HasLen, 1)
 
diff --git a/hugolib/content_map_page.go b/hugolib/content_map_page.go
index b930845e5..9485f2e13 100644
--- a/hugolib/content_map_page.go
+++ b/hugolib/content_map_page.go
@@ -1123,6 +1123,9 @@ func (h *HugoSites) resolveAndClearStateForIdentities(
 	l logg.LevelLogger,
 	cachebuster func(s string) bool, changes []identity.Identity,
 ) error {
+	// Drain the cache eviction stack to start fresh.
+	h.Deps.MemCache.DrainEvictedIdentities()
+
 	h.Log.Debug().Log(logg.StringFunc(
 		func() string {
 			var sb strings.Builder
@@ -1163,17 +1166,32 @@ func (h *HugoSites) resolveAndClearStateForIdentities(
 	}
 
 	// The order matters here:
-	// 1. Handle the cache busters first, as those may produce identities for the page reset step.
+	// 1. Then GC the cache, which may produce changes.
 	// 2. Then reset the page outputs, which may mark some resources as stale.
-	// 3. Then GC the cache.
-	if cachebuster != nil {
-		if err := loggers.TimeTrackfn(func() (logg.LevelLogger, error) {
-			ll := l.WithField("substep", "gc dynacache cachebuster")
-			h.dynacacheGCCacheBuster(cachebuster)
-			return ll, nil
-		}); err != nil {
-			return err
+	if err := loggers.TimeTrackfn(func() (logg.LevelLogger, error) {
+		ll := l.WithField("substep", "gc dynacache")
+
+		predicate := func(k any, v any) bool {
+			if cachebuster != nil {
+				if s, ok := k.(string); ok {
+					return cachebuster(s)
+				}
+			}
+			return false
 		}
+
+		h.MemCache.ClearOnRebuild(predicate, changes...)
+		h.Log.Trace(logg.StringFunc(func() string {
+			var sb strings.Builder
+			sb.WriteString("dynacache keys:\n")
+			for _, key := range h.MemCache.Keys(nil) {
+				sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("   %s\n", key))
+			}
+			return sb.String()
+		}))
+		return ll, nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
 	// Drain the cache eviction stack.
@@ -1238,23 +1256,6 @@ func (h *HugoSites) resolveAndClearStateForIdentities(
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if err := loggers.TimeTrackfn(func() (logg.LevelLogger, error) {
-		ll := l.WithField("substep", "gc dynacache")
-
-		h.MemCache.ClearOnRebuild(changes...)
-		h.Log.Trace(logg.StringFunc(func() string {
-			var sb strings.Builder
-			sb.WriteString("dynacache keys:\n")
-			for _, key := range h.MemCache.Keys(nil) {
-				sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("   %s\n", key))
-			}
-			return sb.String()
-		}))
-		return ll, nil
-	}); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/hugolib/hugo_sites_build.go b/hugolib/hugo_sites_build.go
index d86274791..e066aa100 100644
--- a/hugolib/hugo_sites_build.go
+++ b/hugolib/hugo_sites_build.go
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/bep/logg"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/bufferpool"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/dynacache"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/files"
@@ -828,6 +827,11 @@ func (h *HugoSites) processPartialFileEvents(ctx context.Context, l logg.LevelLo
 		addedContentPaths []*paths.Path
 	)
 
+	var (
+		addedOrChangedContent []pathChange
+		changes               []identity.Identity
+	)
+
 	for _, ev := range eventInfos {
 		cpss := h.BaseFs.ResolvePaths(ev.Name)
 		pss := make([]*paths.Path, len(cpss))
@@ -854,6 +858,13 @@ func (h *HugoSites) processPartialFileEvents(ctx context.Context, l logg.LevelLo
 			if err == nil && g != nil {
 				cacheBusters = append(cacheBusters, g)
 			}
+
+			if ev.added {
+				changes = append(changes, identity.StructuralChangeAdd)
+			}
+			if ev.removed {
+				changes = append(changes, identity.StructuralChangeRemove)
+			}
 		}
 
 		if ev.removed {
@@ -865,11 +876,6 @@ func (h *HugoSites) processPartialFileEvents(ctx context.Context, l logg.LevelLo
 		}
 	}
 
-	var (
-		addedOrChangedContent []pathChange
-		changes               []identity.Identity
-	)
-
 	// Find the most specific identity possible.
 	handleChange := func(pathInfo *paths.Path, delete, isDir bool) {
 		switch pathInfo.Component() {
@@ -1063,18 +1069,6 @@ func (h *HugoSites) processPartialFileEvents(ctx context.Context, l logg.LevelLo
 
 	resourceFiles := h.fileEventsContentPaths(addedOrChangedContent)
 
-	defer func() {
-		// See issue 13316.
-		h.MemCache.DrainEvictedIdentitiesMatching(func(ki dynacache.KeyIdentity) bool {
-			for _, c := range changes {
-				if c.IdentifierBase() == ki.Identity.IdentifierBase() {
-					return true
-				}
-			}
-			return false
-		})
-	}()
-
 	changed := &WhatChanged{
 		needsPagesAssembly: needsPagesAssemble,
 		identitySet:        make(identity.Identities),
diff --git a/identity/identity.go b/identity/identity.go
index e38a8f0f2..53169dfe1 100644
--- a/identity/identity.go
+++ b/identity/identity.go
@@ -33,6 +33,9 @@ const (
 
 	// GenghisKhan is an Identity everyone relates to.
 	GenghisKhan = StringIdentity("__genghiskhan")
+
+	StructuralChangeAdd    = StringIdentity("__structural_change_add")
+	StructuralChangeRemove = StringIdentity("__structural_change_remove")
 )
 
 var NopManager = new(nopManager)
diff --git a/resources/resource_factories/bundler/bundler.go b/resources/resource_factories/bundler/bundler.go
index dd0f1a4e1..8b268ebbe 100644
--- a/resources/resource_factories/bundler/bundler.go
+++ b/resources/resource_factories/bundler/bundler.go
@@ -95,6 +95,10 @@ func (c *Client) Concat(targetPath string, r resource.Resources) (resource.Resou
 		}
 
 		idm := c.rs.Cfg.NewIdentityManager("concat")
+
+		// Re-create on structural changes.
+		idm.AddIdentity(identity.StructuralChangeAdd, identity.StructuralChangeRemove)
+
 		// Add the concatenated resources as dependencies to the composite resource
 		// so that we can track changes to the individual resources.
 		idm.AddIdentityForEach(identity.ForEeachIdentityProviderFunc(