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@ -12,19 +12,22 @@ tags:
In this article we focus on openssl as it is generally available and,
hopefully, it is versatile enough to adapt all our uses cases.
Note that most straightforward tools exist, such as mkcert, that simplify many steps presented here.
Note that more straightforward tools exist such as `mkcert`.
They simplify many steps presented here.
This article is not exhaustive to keep it readable but do not hesitate to complete it with
the corresponding openssl manpage, and you can start with `man openssl` but keep in mind that openssl
the corresponding openssl manpage.
You can already start with `man openssl` but keep in mind that openssl
works with subcommands that have dedicated manpages (eg. the manpage for `openssl x509` is `man x509` on my Fedora).
In this guide, our target is to create a simple CA for **local development purposes only**.
Do not reproduce this practises in production or you will put yourself, your organization and your users at risk.
In our commands, we do not specify an output format while multiple formats exist such as PEM or DER often denoted by various extensions.
By default, openssl always use PEM encoding, which stands for Privacy-Enhanced Mail and is defined in [RFC 7468](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7468). In my experience, this format is supported in many places and produce base64 encoded text files. Often we use the `.pem` extension to denote a PEM encoded file but in practise, like in this article, we also create files with the `.crt` or `.key` extension while storing PEM encoded content inside the file.
In our commands, we do not specify an output format even if multiple formats exist.
To name only two, we have PEM or DER.
By default, openssl always use PEM encoding (which stands for Privacy-Enhanced Mail) and is defined in [RFC 7468](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7468). It is basically a way to store base64 encoded data in files. In my experience, this format is supported in many places. Often we use the `.pem` extension to denote a PEM encoded file but in practise, like in this article, we also create files with the `.crt` or `.key` extension that are also storing PEM encoded data.
After this preamble, let's start generating our certificates by choosing a working folder:
I am done with the preamble, let's start generating our certificates by choosing a working folder (I will assume that your `$D` environment variable is set for all following commands):
```bash
export D=$HOME/.certs/localhost/
@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ mkdir -p $D
## The Certificate Authority
It is mandatory to create a CA certificate that is independant from our End-entity Certificate:
It is mandatory to create a CA certificate that is independant from your End-entity Certificate,
otherwise you will have an error such as `CA_CERT_USED_AS_END_ENTITY` in Firefox.
For this article, I arbitrarily chose to generate an Elliptic Curve Key (and not a RSA one) that will be our CA private key.
@ -47,7 +50,7 @@ openssl ecparam \
For more information about this command, run `man ecparam`, read [Bortzmeyer post (FR)](https://www.bortzmeyer.org/8422.html) or directly the [RFC 8422](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8422.html).
Now, we want to generate a self-signed [X.509 certificate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.509) for our Certificate Authority from the previously generated private key. An expiration date is mandatory for a certificate. We set it to 10 years (3650 days) to not be annoyed in the near future by the expiration of our certificate but be sure to set it to a shorter time in production.
Now, we want to generate a self-signed [X.509 certificate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.509) for our Certificate Authority from the previously generated private key. Know that an expiration date is mandatory for a certificate. We set it to 10 years (3650 days) to not be annoyed in the near future by the expiration of our certificate but be sure to set it to a shorter time in production.
```bash
openssl req \
@ -61,8 +64,9 @@ openssl req \
For more information on this command, run `man req`.
Now that our CA is ready, we can add it in the CA store of our system and/or applications.
Each software, OS and distribution as its own procedure, in this guide I only cover Fedora.
Now that our authority (CA) is ready, we can add it to the CA store of our system and/or applications.
Each software, OS and distribution as its own procedure.
For Fedora, run:
```bash
sudo cp $D/ca.pem /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors/localhost.crt
@ -71,11 +75,11 @@ sudo update-ca-trust
For Windows, Mac OS, Debian/Ubuntu, Firefox or Chrome, you can refer to [BounCA's guide](https://www.bounca.org/tutorials/install_root_certificate.html).
And that's all, we have our certificate authority in our system!
And that's all, we have added our certificate authority to our system!
## End-entity Certificate
Now, we will generate a private key for our future application certificate and sign it with our CA. We start with the private key:
Now, we will generate our end-entity certificate, the one that will be used by our application. We start with the private key:
```bash
openssl ecparam \
@ -89,7 +93,7 @@ Then we generate a Certificate Signing Request.
The `CN` field is important as it will be checked against your domain name in many cases.
Here, we want a certificate for our development needs so we set it to `localhost`.
But we also want a valid certificate when we access our service through IP address.
But we also want a valid certificate when we access our service through our loopback IP address, `127.0.0.1`.
Additionnaly, we want to support an infinite number of subdomains to test multiple services at the same time.
At this point, we need to use an extension to set the `subjectAltName` key.
@ -112,9 +116,9 @@ openssl req \
And finally we sign the request (CSR) with our own authority (CA).
This command is a bit more tricky as we have to set again some fields.
It seems to be for security reasons: as this operation is thought to be done by a third party,
it should not trust your parameters and set its own. In our case, we need to re-specify the number of days and our `subjectAltName`.
it should not trust your parameters and set its owns. In our case, we need to re-specify the number of days and our `subjectAltName`.
openssl has a more advanced/high level tool, `openssl ca` (doc: `man ca`), that is able to copy some or all fields of a signing request but this tool has some other caveats. If you are interested, please read its `WARNINGS` section in the manual.
openssl has a more advanced/high level tool than the one we will use, namely `openssl ca` (doc: `man ca`). `openssl ca` is able to copy some or all fields of a signing request but this tool has, in return, some other caveats. If you are interested, please read its manual and especially the section entitled `WARNINGS`.
Our final command is:
@ -135,10 +139,10 @@ You can run `man x509` to know more about this command.
## With socat
socat is a swiss army knife for your network needs. In this example, we will use it as a simple TLS
socat is the swiss army knife of the network operator. In this example, we will use it as a simple TLS
proxy in front of a plain text application.
First, we need to concatenate our certificate in a bundle for socat. The key must comes first, then its X.509 certificats, and the whole chain of X.509 certificates up your root certificates.
First, we need to concatenate our certificate in a bundle for socat. The key must comes first, then its X.509 certificates, and finally the whole chain of X.509 certificates up your root certificates.
For us:
```bash
@ -163,7 +167,7 @@ cert=$D/localhost-bundle.pem" \
tcp4-connect:localhost:3900
```
`reuseaddr` enables to not wait for an internal timeout in the kernel after shutdowning a process using the same port, the article [Bind: Address already in use](https://hea-www.harvard.edu/~fine/Tech/addrinuse.html) explains on details why. `fork` allows us to handle multiple connections in parallel. `verify` allows us to activate or deactivate mutual authentication, here we do not want to authenticate the client so we set it to zero.
You may ask yourself why we put parameters like `reuseaddr` or `fork`. By using `reuseaddr`, we can reuse a port without waiting for an internal timeout in the kernel which is required to quickly restart socat, the article [Bind: Address already in use](https://hea-www.harvard.edu/~fine/Tech/addrinuse.html) explains on details why. `fork` allows us to handle multiple connections in parallel. `verify` allows us to activate or deactivate mutual authentication, here we do not want to authenticate the client so we set it to zero.
## Other resources