713 lines
19 KiB
TeX
713 lines
19 KiB
TeX
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\AtBeginSection[]{
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\begin{frame}
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\vfill
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\centering
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\begin{beamercolorbox}[sep=8pt,center,shadow=true,rounded=true]{title}
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\title{Garage, the low-tech storage platform for geo-distributed clusters}
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\author{Alex Auvolat, Deuxfleurs}
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\date{FOSDEM'24, 2024-02-03}
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\begin{document}
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\begin{frame}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=.3\linewidth]{../../sticker/Garage.png}
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\vspace{1em}
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{\large\bf Alex Auvolat, Deuxfleurs Association}
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\vspace{1em}
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\url{https://garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr/}
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Matrix channel: \texttt{\#garage:deuxfleurs.fr}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Who I am}
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\begin{columns}[t]
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\begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
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\centering
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\adjincludegraphics[width=.4\linewidth, valign=t]{../assets/alex.jpg}
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{.6\textwidth}
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\textbf{Alex Auvolat}\\
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PhD; co-founder of Deuxfleurs
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
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~
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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\vspace{2em}
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\begin{columns}[t]
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\begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
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\centering
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\adjincludegraphics[width=.5\linewidth, valign=t]{../assets/logos/deuxfleurs.pdf}
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{.6\textwidth}
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\textbf{Deuxfleurs}\\
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A non-profit self-hosting collective,\\
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member of the CHATONS network
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
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\centering
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\adjincludegraphics[width=.7\linewidth, valign=t]{../assets/logos/logo_chatons.png}
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Our objective at Deuxfleurs}
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\begin{center}
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\textbf{Promote self-hosting and small-scale hosting\\
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as an alternative to large cloud providers}
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\end{center}
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\vspace{2em}
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\visible<2->{
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Why is it hard?
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}
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\visible<3->{
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\vspace{2em}
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\begin{center}
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\textbf{\underline{Resilience}}\\
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{\footnotesize we want good uptime/availability with low supervision}
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\end{center}
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}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Building a resilient system with cheap stuff}
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\only<1,4-7>{
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \textcolor<5->{gray}{Commodity hardware (e.g. old desktop PCs)\\
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\vspace{.5em}
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\visible<4->{{\footnotesize (can die at any time)}}}
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\vspace{1.5em}
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\item<5-> \textcolor<7->{gray}{Regular Internet (e.g. FTTB, FTTH) and power grid connections\\
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\vspace{.5em}
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\visible<6->{{\footnotesize (can be unavailable randomly)}}}
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\vspace{1.5em}
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\item<7-> \textbf{Geographical redundancy} (multi-site replication)
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\end{itemize}
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}
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\only<2>{
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/neptune.jpg}
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\end{center}
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}
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\only<3>{
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/atuin.jpg}
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\end{center}
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}
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\only<8>{
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/inframap_jdll2023.pdf}
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\end{center}
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}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Object storage: a crucial component}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[height=6em]{../assets/logos/Amazon-S3.jpg}
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\hspace{3em}
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\visible<2->{\includegraphics[height=5em]{../assets/logos/minio.png}}
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\hspace{3em}
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\visible<3>{\includegraphics[height=6em]{../../logo/garage_hires_crop.png}}
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\end{center}
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\vspace{1em}
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S3: a de-facto standard, many compatible applications
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\vspace{1em}
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\visible<2->{MinIO is self-hostable but not suited for geo-distributed deployments}
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\vspace{1em}
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\visible<3->{\textbf{Garage is a self-hosted drop-in replacement for the Amazon S3 object store}}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{CRDTs / weak consistency instead of consensus}
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Consensus can be implemented reasonably well in practice, so why avoid it?
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\vspace{1em}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item<2-> \textbf{Software complexity}
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\vspace{1em}
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\item<3-> \textbf{Performance issues:}
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\vspace{.5em}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item<4-> The leader is a \textbf{bottleneck} for all requests\\
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\vspace{.5em}
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\item<5-> \textbf{Sensitive to higher latency} between nodes
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\vspace{.5em}
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\item<6-> \textbf{Takes time to reconverge} when disrupted (e.g. node going down)
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\vspace{2em}
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\visible<7->{\underline{Internally, Garage uses only CRDTs} (conflict-free replicated data types)}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{The data model of object storage}
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Object storage is basically a \textbf{key-value store}:
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\vspace{.5em}
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{\scriptsize
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\begin{center}
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\begin{tabular}{|l|p{7cm}|}
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\hline
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\textbf{Key: file path + name} & \textbf{Value: file data + metadata} \\
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\hline
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\hline
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\texttt{index.html} &
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\texttt{Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8} \newline
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\texttt{Content-Length: 24929} \newline
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\texttt{<binary blob>} \\
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\hline
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\texttt{img/logo.svg} &
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\texttt{Content-Type: text/svg+xml} \newline
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\texttt{Content-Length: 13429} \newline
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\texttt{<binary blob>} \\
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\hline
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\texttt{download/index.html} &
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\texttt{Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8} \newline
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\texttt{Content-Length: 26563} \newline
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\texttt{<binary blob>} \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{center}
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}
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\vspace{1em}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item<2> Maps well to CRDT data types
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Performance gains in practice}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/perf/endpoint_latency_0.7_0.8_minio.png}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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% ======================================== TIMELINE
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% ======================================== TIMELINE
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% ======================================== TIMELINE
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\section{Recent developments}
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% ====================== v0.7.0 ===============================
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\begin{frame}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/timeline-22-24.pdf}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{April 2022 - Garage v0.7.0}
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Focus on \underline{observability and ecosystem integration}
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\vspace{2em}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \textbf{Monitoring:} metrics and traces, using OpenTelemetry
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\vspace{1em}
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\item Replication modes with 1 or 2 copies / weaker consistency
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\vspace{1em}
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\item Kubernetes integration
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\vspace{1em}
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\item Admin API (v0.7.2)
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\vspace{1em}
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\item Experimental K2V API (v0.7.2)
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Metrics (Prometheus + Grafana)}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{../assets/screenshots/grafana_dashboard.png}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Traces (Jaeger)}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/screenshots/jaeger_listobjects.png}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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% ====================== v0.8.0 ===============================
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\begin{frame}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/timeline-22-24.pdf}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{November 2022 - Garage v0.8.0}
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Focus on \underline{performance}
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\vspace{2em}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \textbf{Alternative metadata DB engines} (LMDB, Sqlite)
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\vspace{1em}
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\item \textbf{Performance improvements:} block streaming, various optimizations...
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\vspace{1em}
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\item Bucket quotas (max size, max \#objects)
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\vspace{1em}
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\item Quality of life improvements, observability, etc.
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{About metadata DB engines}
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\textbf{Issues with Sled:}
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\vspace{1em}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Huge files on disk
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\vspace{.5em}
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\item Unpredictable performance, especially on HDD
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\vspace{.5em}
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\item API limitations
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\vspace{.5em}
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\item Not actively maintained
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\end{itemize}
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\vspace{2em}
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\textbf{LMDB:} very stable, good performance, reasonably small files on disk
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\vspace{1em}
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Sled will be removed in Garage v1.0
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{DB engine performance comparison}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.6\linewidth]{../assets/perf/db_engine.png}
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\end{center}
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NB: Sqlite was slow due to synchronous mode, now configurable
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Block streaming}
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\begin{center}
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\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/schema-streaming-1.png}}
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\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/schema-streaming-2.png}}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{TTFB benchmark}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/perf/ttfb.png}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Throughput benchmark}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{../assets/perf/io-0.7-0.8-minio.png}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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% ====================== v0.9.0 ===============================
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\begin{frame}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/timeline-22-24.pdf}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{October 2023 - Garage v0.9.0}
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Focus on \underline{streamlining \& usability}
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\vspace{2em}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Support multiple HDDs per node
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\vspace{1em}
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\item S3 compatibility:
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\vspace{1em}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item support basic lifecycle configurations
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\vspace{.5em}
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\item allow for multipart upload part retries
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\end{itemize}
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\vspace{1em}
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\item LMDB by default, deprecation of Sled
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\vspace{1em}
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\item New layout computation algorithm
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Layout computation}
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\begin{overprint}
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\onslide<1>
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=\linewidth, trim=0 0 0 -4cm]{../assets/screenshots/garage_status_0.9_prod_zonehl.png}
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\end{center}
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\onslide<2>
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{../assets/map.png}
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\end{center}
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\end{overprint}
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\vspace{1em}
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Garage stores replicas on different zones when possible
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{What a "layout" is}
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\textbf{A layout is a precomputed index table:}
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\vspace{1em}
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{\footnotesize
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\begin{center}
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\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|}
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\hline
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\textbf{Partition} & \textbf{Node 1} & \textbf{Node 2} & \textbf{Node 3} \\
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\hline
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\hline
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Partition 0 & Io (jupiter) & Drosera (atuin) & Courgette (neptune) \\
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\hline
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Partition 1 & Datura (atuin) & Courgette (neptune) & Io (jupiter) \\
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\hline
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Partition 2 & Io(jupiter) & Celeri (neptune) & Drosera (atuin) \\
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\hline
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\hspace{1em}$\vdots$ & \hspace{1em}$\vdots$ & \hspace{1em}$\vdots$ & \hspace{1em}$\vdots$ \\
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\hline
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Partition 255 & Concombre (neptune) & Io (jupiter) & Drosera (atuin) \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{center}
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}
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\vspace{2em}
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\visible<2->{
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The index table is built centrally using an optimal algorithm,\\
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then propagated to all nodes
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}
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\vspace{1em}
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\visible<3->{
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\footnotesize
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Oulamara, M., \& Auvolat, A. (2023). \emph{An algorithm for geo-distributed and redundant storage in Garage}.\\ arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.13798.
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}
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\end{frame}
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% ====================== v0.10.0 ===============================
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\begin{frame}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/timeline-22-24.pdf}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{October 2023 - Garage v0.10.0 beta}
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Focus on \underline{consistency}
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\vspace{2em}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Fix consistency issues when reshuffling data
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Working with weak consistency}
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Not using consensus limits us to the following:
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\vspace{2em}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item<2-> \textbf{Conflict-free replicated data types} (CRDT)\\
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\vspace{1em}
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{\footnotesize Non-transactional key-value stores such as S3 are equivalent to a simple CRDT:\\
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a map of \textbf{last-writer-wins registers} (each key is its own CRDT)}
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\vspace{1.5em}
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\item<3-> \textbf{Read-after-write consistency}\\
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\vspace{1em}
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{\footnotesize Can be implemented using quorums on read and write operations}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}[t]
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\frametitle{CRDT read-after-write consistency using quorums}
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\vspace{1em}
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{\small
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\textbf{Property:} If node $A$ did an operation $write(x)$ and received an OK response,\\
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\hspace{2cm} and node $B$ starts an operation $read()$ after $A$ received OK,\\
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\hspace{2cm} then $B$ will read a value $x' \sqsupseteq x$.
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}
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\vspace{1.5em}
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\begin{overprint}
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\onslide<2-9>
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\footnotesize
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\def\svgwidth{.7\textwidth}
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\only<2>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice1.pdf_tex}}%
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\only<3>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice2.pdf_tex}}%
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\only<4>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice3.pdf_tex}}%
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\only<5>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice4.pdf_tex}}%
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\only<6>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice5.pdf_tex}}%
|
|
\only<7>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice6.pdf_tex}}%
|
|
\only<8>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice7.pdf_tex}}%
|
|
\only<9>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice8.pdf_tex}}%
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
|
|
\onslide<10>
|
|
\begin{minipage}{.10\textwidth}
|
|
~
|
|
\end{minipage}
|
|
\begin{minipage}{.40\textwidth}
|
|
\footnotesize
|
|
\textbf{Algorithm $write(x)$:}
|
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
|
\item Broadcast $write(x)$ to all nodes
|
|
\item Wait for $k > n/2$ nodes to reply OK
|
|
\item Return OK
|
|
\end{enumerate}
|
|
\end{minipage}
|
|
\begin{minipage}{.40\textwidth}
|
|
\footnotesize
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
|
\textbf{Algorithm $read()$:}
|
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
|
\item Broadcast $read()$ to all nodes
|
|
\item Wait for $k > n/2$ nodes to reply\\
|
|
with values $x_1, \dots, x_k$
|
|
\item Return $x_1 \sqcup \dots \sqcup x_k$
|
|
\end{enumerate}
|
|
\end{minipage}
|
|
\end{overprint}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{A hard problem: layout changes}
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item We rely on quorums $k > n/2$ within each partition:\\
|
|
$$n=3,~~~~~~~k\ge 2$$
|
|
\item<2-> When rebalancing, the set of nodes responsible for a partition can change:\\
|
|
$$\{A, B, C\} \to \{A, D, E\}$$
|
|
\vspace{.01em}
|
|
\item<3-> During the rebalancing, $D$ and $E$ don't yet have the data,\\
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~and $B$ and $C$ want to get rid of the data to free up space\\
|
|
\vspace{1.2em}
|
|
$\to$ risk of inconsistency, \textbf{how to coordinate?}
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{Handling layout changes without losing consistency}
|
|
\begin{minipage}{.55\textwidth}
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item \textbf{Solution:}\\
|
|
\vspace{.5em}
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item keep track of data transfer to new nodes
|
|
\vspace{.5em}
|
|
\item use multiple write quorums\\
|
|
(new nodes + old nodes\\
|
|
while data transfer is in progress)
|
|
\vspace{.5em}
|
|
\item switching reads to new nodes\\
|
|
only once copy is finished
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
|
\item \textbf{Implemented} in v0.10
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
|
\item \textbf{Validated} with Jepsen testing
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
\end{minipage}
|
|
\begin{minipage}{.23\textwidth}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=3cm]{../assets/jepsen-0.9.png}\\
|
|
{\footnotesize Garage v0.9.0}
|
|
\end{minipage}
|
|
\begin{minipage}{.2\textwidth}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=3cm]{../assets/jepsen-0.10.png}\\
|
|
{\footnotesize Garage v0.10 beta}
|
|
\end{minipage}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
% ====================== v0.10.0 ===============================
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\begin{center}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/timeline-22-24.pdf}
|
|
\end{center}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{Towards v1.0}
|
|
Focus on \underline{security \& stability}
|
|
\vspace{2em}
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item \textbf{Security audit} in progress by Radically Open Security
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
|
\item Misc. S3 features (SSE-C, ...) and compatibility fixes
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
|
\item Improve UX
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
|
\item Fix bugs
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
% ======================================== OPERATING
|
|
% ======================================== OPERATING
|
|
% ======================================== OPERATING
|
|
|
|
|
|
\section{Operating big Garage clusters}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{Operating Garage}
|
|
\begin{center}
|
|
\only<1-2>{
|
|
\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{../assets/screenshots/garage_status_0.10.png}
|
|
\\\vspace{1em}
|
|
\visible<2>{\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{../assets/screenshots/garage_status_unhealthy_0.10.png}}
|
|
}
|
|
\end{center}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{Garage's architecture}
|
|
\begin{center}
|
|
\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.45\linewidth]{../assets/garage.drawio.pdf}}%
|
|
\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=.6\linewidth]{../assets/garage_sync.drawio.pdf}}%
|
|
\end{center}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{Digging deeper}
|
|
\begin{center}
|
|
\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{../assets/screenshots/garage_stats_0.10.png}}
|
|
\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth]{../assets/screenshots/garage_worker_list_0.10.png}}
|
|
\only<3>{\includegraphics[width=.6\linewidth]{../assets/screenshots/garage_worker_param_0.10.png}}
|
|
\end{center}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{Potential limitations and bottlenecks}
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item Global:
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item Max. $\sim$100 nodes per cluster (excluding gateways)
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
|
\item Metadata:
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item One big bucket = bottleneck, object list on 3 nodes only
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
\vspace{1em}
|
|
\item Block manager:
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item Lots of small files on disk
|
|
\item Processing the resync queue can be slow
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{Deployment advice for very large clusters}
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item Metadata storage:
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item ZFS mirror (x2) on fast NVMe
|
|
\item Use LMDB storage engine
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
\vspace{.5em}
|
|
\item Data block storage:
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item Use Garage's native multi-HDD support
|
|
\item XFS on individual drives
|
|
\item Increase block size (1MB $\to$ 10MB, requires more RAM and good networking)
|
|
\item Tune \texttt{resync-tranquility} and \texttt{resync-worker-count} dynamically
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
\vspace{.5em}
|
|
\item Other :
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
\item Split data over several buckets
|
|
\item Use less than 100 storage nodes
|
|
\item Use gateway nodes
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
\vspace{.5em}
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
Current deployments: $< 10$ TB, we don't have much experience with more
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
|
|
% ======================================== END
|
|
% ======================================== END
|
|
% ======================================== END
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\frametitle{Where to find us}
|
|
\begin{center}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=.25\linewidth]{../../logo/garage_hires.png}\\
|
|
\vspace{-1em}
|
|
\url{https://garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr/}\\
|
|
\url{mailto:garagehq@deuxfleurs.fr}\\
|
|
\texttt{\#garage:deuxfleurs.fr} on Matrix
|
|
|
|
\vspace{1.5em}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=.06\linewidth]{../assets/logos/rust_logo.png}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=.13\linewidth]{../assets/logos/AGPLv3_Logo.png}
|
|
\end{center}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\end{document}
|
|
|
|
%% vim: set ts=4 sw=4 tw=0 noet spelllang=en :
|