Proofreading after-the-fact
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Maximilien
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@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ date=2022-02-02
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+++
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*FOSDEM is an international meeting about Free Software, organized from Brussels.
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On next Sunday, Febuary 6th, 2022, we will be there to present Garage.*
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On next Sunday, February 6th, 2022, we will be there to present Garage.*
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<!-- more -->
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---
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In 2000, a belgian free software activist going by the name of Raphael Baudin
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set out to create a small event for free software developpers in Brussels.
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In 2000, a Belgian free software activist going by the name of Raphael Baudin
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set out to create a small event for free software developers in Brussels.
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This event quickly became the "Free and Open Source Developers' European Meeting",
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shorthand FOSDEM. 22 years later, FOSDEM is a major event for free software developpers
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shorthand FOSDEM. 22 years later, FOSDEM is a major event for free software developers
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around the world. And for this year, we have the immense pleasure of announcing
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that the Deuxfleurs association will be there to present Garage.
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@ -23,18 +23,18 @@ in the last few years. Nothing too unfamiliar to us, as the organization is usin
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the same tools as we are: a combination of Jitsi and Matrix.
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We are of course extremely honored that our presentation was accepted.
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If technical details are your thing, we invite you to come share this event with us.
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If technical details are your thing, we invite you to come to share this event with us.
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In all cases, the event will be recorded and available as a VOD (Video On Demand)
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afterwards. Concerning the details of the organization:
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afterward. Concerning the details of the organization:
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**When?** On Sunday, Febuary 6th, 2022, from 10:30 AM to 11:00 AM CET.
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**When?** On Sunday, February 6th, 2022, from 10:30 AM to 11:00 AM CET.
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**What for?** Introducing the Garage storage platform.
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**By whom?** The presentation will be made by Alex,
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other developpers will be present to answer questions.
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other developers will be present to answer questions.
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**For who?** The presentation is targetted to a technical audience that is knowledgable in software developpement or systems administration.
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**For who?** The presentation is targeted to a technical audience that is knowledgeable in software development or systems administration.
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**Price:** FOSDEM'22 is an entirely free event.
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@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ afterwards. Concerning the details of the organization:
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And if you are not so much of a technical person, but you're dreaming of
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a more ethical and emancipatory digital world,
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keep in tune with news comming from the Deuxfleurs association
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keep in tune with news coming from the Deuxfleurs association
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as we will likely have other events very soon!
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ date=2022-02-01
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*Deuxfleurs is a non-profit based in France that aims to defend and promote
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individual freedom and rights on the Internet. In their quest to build a
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decentralized, resilient self-hosting infrastructure, they have found that
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currently existing software is often ill suited to such a particular deployment
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currently, existing software is often ill-suited to such a particular deployment
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scenario. In the context of data storage, Garage was built to provide a highly
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available data store that exploits redundancy over different geographical
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locations, and does its best to not be too impacted by network latencies.*
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@ -18,15 +18,15 @@ locations, and does its best to not be too impacted by network latencies.*
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Hello! We are Deuxfleurs, a non-profit based in France working to promote
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self-hosting and small-scale hosting.
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What does that mean? Well, we figured that big tech monopolies such as Google,
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What does that mean? Well, we figured that big tech monopoly such as Google,
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Facebook or Amazon today hold disproportionate power and are becoming quite
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dangerous to us, citizens of the Internet. They know everything we are doing,
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saying, and even thinking, and they are not making good use of that
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information. The interests of these companies are those of the capitalist
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elite: they are mostly interested in making huge profits by exploiting the
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Earth's precious resources, producing, advertising and selling us massive
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elite: they are most interested in making huge profits by exploiting the
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Earth's precious resources, producing, advertising, and selling us massive
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amounts of stuff we don't need. They don't truly care about the needs of the
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people, nor do they care that planetary destruction is under way because of
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people, nor do they care that planetary destruction is underway because of
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them.
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Big tech monopolies are in a particularly strong position to influence our
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@ -56,17 +56,17 @@ As I said, self-hosting means running our own hardware at home, and providing
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24/7 Internet services from there. We have many reasons for doing this. One is
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because this is the only way we can truly control who has access to our data.
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Another one is that it helps us be aware of the physical substrate of which the
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Internet is made: making the Internet run has an environmental cost which we
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Internet is made: making the Internet run has an environmental cost that we
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want to evaluate and keep under control. The physical hardware also gives us a
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sense of community, calling to mind all of the people that could currently be
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connected and making use of our services, and reminding us of the purpose for
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which we are doing this.
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If you have a home, you know that bad things can happen there too. The power
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grid is not infallible, neither is your Internet connection. Fires and floods
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grid is not infallible, and neither is your Internet connection. Fires and floods
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happen. And the computers we are running can themselves crash at any moment,
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for any number of reasons. Self-hosted solutions today are often not equipped
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to face such challenges, and might suffer from unavailability or data loss
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to face such challenges and might suffer from unavailability or data loss
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as a consequence.
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If we want to grow our communities, and attract more people that might be
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@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ data, the compromise is much harder to make and people will be tempted to go
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back to a comfortable lifestyle bestowed by big tech companies.
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Fixing availability, making services reliable even when hosted at unreliable
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locations or on unreliable hardware, is one of the main objectives of
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locations or on unreliable hardware is one of the main objectives of
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Deuxfleurs, and in particular of the project Garage which we are building.
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### Distributed systems to the rescue
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@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ us:
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- **Crash tolerance** is when a service that runs on several computers at once
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can continue operating normally even when one (or a small number) of the
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computers stops working.
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computers stop working.
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- **Geo-distribution** is when the computers that make up a distributed system
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are not all located in the same facility. Ideally, they would even be spread
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@ -123,9 +123,9 @@ landscape of distributed storage systems.
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Garage implements the Amazon S3 protocol, a de-facto standard that makes it
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compatible with a large variety of existing software. For instance it can be
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used as a storage back-end for many self-hosted web applications such as
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used as a storage backend for many self-hosted web applications such as
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NextCloud, Matrix, Mastodon, Peertube, and many others, replacing the local
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file system of a server by a distributed storage layer. Garage can also be
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file system of a server with a distributed storage layer. Garage can also be
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used to synchronize your files or store your backups with utilities such as
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Rclone or Restic. Last but not least, Garage can be used to host static
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websites, such as the one you are currently reading, which is served directly
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@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ Garage leverages the theory of distributed systems, and in particular
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*Conflict-free Replicated Data Types* (CRDTs in short), a set of mathematical
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tools that help us write distributed software that runs faster, by avoiding
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some kinds of unnecessary chit-chat between servers. In a future blog post,
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we will show how this allow us to significantly outperform Minio, our closest
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we will show how this allows us to significantly outperform Minio, our closest
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competitor (another self-hostable implementation of the S3 protocol).
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On the side of software engineering, we are committed to making Garage
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@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ it is working exceptionally well for us. We are currently using it to store
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backups of personal files, to store the media files that we send and receive
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over the Matrix network, as well as to host a small but increasing number of
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static websites. Our current deployment hosts about 200 000 files spread in 50
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buckets, for a total size of slightly above 500 GB. These number can seem small
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buckets, for a total size of slightly above 500 GB. These numbers can seem small
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when compared to the datasets you could expect your typical cloud provider to
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be handling, however these sizes are fairly typical of the small-scale
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self-hosted deployments we are targeting, and our Garage cluster is in no way
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@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ We discuss the different bottlenecks and limitations of the software stack in it
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It is an intended design decision: trusting each other enables Garage to spread data over the machines instead of duplicating it.
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Still, you might want to share and collaborate with the rest of the world, and it can be done in 2 ways with Garage: through the integrated HTTP server that can serve your bucket as a static website,
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or by connecting it to an application that will act as a "proxy" between Garage and the rest of the world.
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We refer as proxy software that know how to speak federated protocols (eg. Activity Pub, Solid, RemoteStorage, etc.) or distributed/p2p protocols (eg. BitTorrent, IPFS, etc.).-->
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We refer as proxy software that knows how to speak federated protocols (eg. Activity Pub, Solid, RemoteStorage, etc.) or distributed/p2p protocols (eg. BitTorrent, IPFS, etc.).-->
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## Some context
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@ -26,20 +26,20 @@ People often struggle to see the difference between IPFS and Garage, so let's st
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Personally, I see IPFS as the intersection between BitTorrent and a file system. BitTorrent remains to this day one of the most efficient ways to deliver
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a copy of a file or a folder to a very large number of destinations. It however lacks some form of interactivity: once a torrent file has been generated, you can't simply
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add or remove files from it. By presenting itself more like a file system, IPFS is able to handle this use case out-of-the-box.
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add or remove files from it. By presenting itself more like a file system, IPFS is able to handle this use case out of the box.
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<!--IPFS is a content-addressable network built in a peer-to-peer fashion.
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With simple words, it means that you query the content you want with its identifier without having to know *where* it is hosted on the network, and especially on which machine.
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In simple words, it means that you query the content you want with its identifier without having to know *where* it is hosted on the network, and especially on which machine.
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As a side effect, you can share content over the Internet without any configuration (no firewall, NAT, fixed IP, DNS, etc.).-->
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<!--However, IPFS does not enforce any property on the durability and availablity of your data: the collaboration mentioned earlier is
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<!--However, IPFS does not enforce any property on the durability and availability of your data: the collaboration mentioned earlier is
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done only on a spontaneous approach. So at first, if you want to be sure that your content remains alive, you must keep it on your node.
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And if nobody makes a copy of your content, you will loose it as soon as your node goes offline and/or crashes.
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And if nobody makes a copy of your content, you will lose it as soon as your node goes offline and/or crashes.
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Furthermore, if you need multiple nodes to store your content, IPFS is not able to automatically place content on your nodes,
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enforce a given replication amount, check the integrity of your content, and so on.-->
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However, you would probably not rely on BitTorrent to durably store the encrypted holiday pictures you shared with your friends,
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as content on the BitTorrent tends to vanish when no one in the network has a copy of it anymore. The same applies to IPFS.
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as content on BitTorrent tends to vanish when no one in the network has a copy of it anymore. The same applies to IPFS.
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Even if at some time everyone has a copy of the pictures on their hard disk, people might delete these copies after a while without you knowing it.
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You also can't easily collaborate on storing this common treasure. For example, there is no automatic way to say that Alice and Bob
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are in charge of storing the first half of the archive while Charlie and Eve are in charge of the second half.
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@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Reviewing these solutions is out of the scope of this article, feel free to try
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Garage, on the contrary, is designed to automatically spread your content over all your available nodes, in a manner that makes the best possible use of your storage space.
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At the same time, it ensures that your content is always replicated exactly 3 times across the cluster (or less if you change a configuration parameter),
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on different geographical zones when possible.
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<!--To access this content, you must have an API key, and have a correctly configured machine available over the network (including DNS/IP address/etc.). If the amount of traffic you receive is way larger than what your cluster can handle, your cluster will become simply unresponsive. Sharing content across people that do not trust each other, ie. who operate independant clusters, is not a feature of Garage: you have to rely on external software.-->
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<!--To access this content, you must have an API key, and have a correctly configured machine available over the network (including DNS/IP address/etc.). If the amount of traffic you receive is way larger than what your cluster can handle, your cluster will become simply unresponsive. Sharing content across people that do not trust each other, ie. who operate independent clusters, is not a feature of Garage: you have to rely on external software.-->
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However, this means that when content is requested from a Garage cluster, there are only 3 nodes that are capable of returning it to the user.
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As a consequence, when content becomes popular, these nodes might become a bottleneck.
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Moreover, all resources created (keys, files, buckets) are tightly coupled to the Garage cluster on which they exist;
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@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ The Peergos project has a fork because it seems that the plugin is known for hit
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([#105](https://github.com/ipfs/go-ds-s3/issues/105), [#205](https://github.com/ipfs/go-ds-s3/pull/205)).
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This is the one we will try in the following.
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The easiest solution to use this plugin in IPFS is to bundle it in the main IPFS daemon, and thus recompile IPFS from source.
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The easiest solution to use this plugin in IPFS is to bundle it in the main IPFS daemon, and thus recompile IPFS from sources.
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Following the instructions on the README file allowed me to spawn an IPFS daemon configured with S3 as the block store.
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I had a small issue when adding the plugin to the `plugin/loader/preload_list` file: the given command lacks a newline.
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@ -89,12 +89,12 @@ A content identifier (CID) was assigned to this picture:
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QmNt7NSzyGkJ5K9QzyceDXd18PbLKrMAE93XuSC2487EFn
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```
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The photo it now accessible on the whole network.
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For example you can inspect it [from the official gateway](https://explore.ipld.io/#/explore/QmNt7NSzyGkJ5K9QzyceDXd18PbLKrMAE93XuSC2487EFn):
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The photo is now accessible on the whole network.
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For example, you can inspect it [from the official gateway](https://explore.ipld.io/#/explore/QmNt7NSzyGkJ5K9QzyceDXd18PbLKrMAE93XuSC2487EFn):
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At the same time, I was monitoring Garage (through [the OpenTelemetry stack we have implemented earlier this year](/blog/2022-v0-7-released/)).
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At the same time, I was monitoring Garage (through [the OpenTelemetry stack we implemented earlier this year](/blog/2022-v0-7-released/)).
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Just after launching the daemon and before doing anything, we had this surprisingly active Grafana plot:
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@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ In my opinion, such a simple task of sharing a picture should not require so man
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As a comparison, this whole webpage, with its pictures, triggers around 10 requests on Garage when loaded, not thousands.
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I think we can conclude that this first try was a failure.
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The S3 storage plugin for IPFS does too many request and would need some important work to be optimized.
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The S3 storage plugin for IPFS does too many requests and would need some important work to be optimized.
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However, we are aware that the people behind Peergos are known to run their software based on IPFS in production with an S3 backend,
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so we should not give up too fast.
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@ -131,15 +131,15 @@ Internally, it is built on IPFS and is known to have a [deep integration with th
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One important point of this integration is that your browser is able to bypass both the Peergos daemon and the IPFS daemon
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to write and read IPFS blocks directly from the S3 API server.
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*I don't know exactly if Peergos is still considered as alpha quality, or if a beta version was released,
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but keep in mind that it might be more experimental that you'd like!*
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*I don't know exactly if Peergos is still considered alpha quality, or if a beta version was released,
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but keep in mind that it might be more experimental than you'd like!*
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<!--To give ourselves some courage in this adventure, let's start with a nice screenshot of their web UI:
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-->
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Starting Peergos on top of Garage required some small patches on both sides, but in the end, I was able to get it working.
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I was able to upload my file, see it in the interface, create a link to share it, rename it, move it in a folder, and so on:
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I was able to upload my file, see it in the interface, create a link to share it, rename it, move it to a folder, and so on:
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@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ This traffic is all generated by Peergos.
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The `OPTIONS` HTTP verb is here because we use the direct access feature of Peergos,
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meaning that our browser is talking directly to Garage and has to use CORS to validate requests for security.
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Internally, IPFS splits files in blocks of less than 256 kB. My picture is thus split in 2 blocks, requiring 2 requests over Garage to fetch it.
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But even knowing that IPFS splits files in small blocks, I can't explain why we have so many `GetObject` requests.
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Internally, IPFS splits files into blocks of less than 256 kB. My picture is thus split into 2 blocks, requiring 2 requests over Garage to fetch it.
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But even knowing that IPFS splits files into small blocks, I can't explain why we have so many `GetObject` requests.
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## Try #3: Optimizing IPFS
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@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ Routing = dhtclient
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-->
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We have seen in our 2 previous tries that the main source of load was the federation, and in particular the DHT server.
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We have seen in our 2 previous tries that the main source of load was the federation and in particular the DHT server.
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In this section, we'd like to artificially remove this problem from the equation by preventing our IPFS node from federating
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and see what pressure is put by Peergos alone on our local cluster.
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@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ we might have a non-federated but quite efficient end-to-end encrypted "cloud st
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with our clients directly hitting the S3 API!
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For setups where federation is a hard requirement,
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the next step would be to gradually allow our node to connect to the IPFS network,
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the next step would be to gradually allow our node to connect to the IPFS network
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while ensuring that the traffic to the Garage cluster remains low.
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For example, configuring our IPFS node as a `dhtclient` instead of a `dhtserver` would exempt it from answering public DHT requests.
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Keeping an in-memory index (as a hash map and/or a Bloom filter) of the blocks stored on the current node
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@ -198,20 +198,20 @@ server on the regular file system, and reserve a second process configured with
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However, even with these optimizations, the best we can expect is the traffic we have on the previous plot.
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From a theoretical perspective, it is still higher than the optimal number of requests.
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On S3, storing a file, downloading a file and listing available files are all actions that can be done in a single request.
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On S3, storing a file, downloading a file, and listing available files are all actions that can be done in a single request.
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Even if all requests don't have the same cost on the cluster, processing a request has a non-negligible fixed cost.
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## Are S3 and IPFS incompatible?
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Tweaking IPFS in order to try and make it work on an S3 backend is all and good,
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but in some sense, the assumptions made by IPFS are funamentally incompatible with using S3 as a block storage.
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but in some sense, the assumptions made by IPFS are fundamentally incompatible with using S3 as block storage.
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First, data on IPFS is split in relatively small chunks: all IPFS blocks must be less than 1 MB, with most being 256 KB or less.
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This means that large files or complex directory hierarchies will need thousands of blocks to be stored,
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each of which is mapped to a single object in the S3 storage back-end.
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On the other side, S3 implementations such as Garage are made to handle very large objects efficiently,
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and they also provide their own primitives for rapidly listing all the objects present in a bucket or a directory.
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There is thus a huge loss in performance when data is stored in IPFS's block format, because this format does not
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There is thus a huge loss in performance when data is stored in IPFS's block format because this format does not
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take advantage of the optimizations provided by S3 back-ends in their standard usage scenarios. Instead, it
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requires storing and retrieving thousands of small S3 objects even for very simple operations such
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as retrieving a file or listing a directory, incurring a fixed overhead each time.
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@ -223,38 +223,38 @@ When a node is missing a file or a directory it wants to read, it has to do as m
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as there are IPFS blocks in the object to be read.
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On the receiving end, this means that any fully-fledged IPFS node has to answer large numbers
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of requests for blocks required by users everywhere on the network, which is what we observed in our experiment above.
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We were however surprised to observe that many requests comming from the IPFS network were for blocks
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which our node wasn't locally storing a copy of: this means that somewhere in the IPFS protocol, an overly optimistic
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assumption is made on where data could be found in the network, and this ends up translating in many requests
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We were however surprised to observe that many requests coming from the IPFS network were for blocks
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which our node didn't had a copy for: this means that somewhere in the IPFS protocol, an overly optimistic
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assumption is made on where data could be found in the network, and this ends up translating into many requests
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between nodes that return negative results.
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When IPFS blocks are stored on a local filesystem, answering these requests fast might be possible.
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However when using an S3 server as a storage back-end, this becomes prohibitively costly.
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||||
However, when using an S3 server as a storage back-end, this becomes prohibitively costly.
|
||||
|
||||
If one wanted to design a distributed storage system for IPFS data blocks, they would probably need to start at a lower level.
|
||||
Garage itself makes use of a block storage mechanism that allows small-sized blocks to be stored on a cluster and accessed
|
||||
rapidly by nodes that need to access them.
|
||||
However passing through the entire abstraction that provides an S3 API is wastefull and redundant, as this API is
|
||||
designed to provide advanced functionnality such as mutating objects, associating metadata with objects, listing objects, etc.
|
||||
However passing through the entire abstraction that provides an S3 API is wasteful and redundant, as this API is
|
||||
designed to provide advanced functionality such as mutating objects, associating metadata with objects, listing objects, etc.
|
||||
Plugging the IPFS daemon directly into a lower-level distributed block storage like
|
||||
Garage's might yield way better results by bypassing all of this complexity.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
Running IPFS over an S3 storage back-end does not quite work out of the box in term of performances.
|
||||
We have identified that the main problem is linked with the DHT service,
|
||||
and proposed some improvements (disabling the DHT server, keeping an in-memory index of the blocks, using the S3 back-end only for user data).
|
||||
Running IPFS over an S3 storage backend does not quite work out of the box in terms of performance.
|
||||
Having identified that the main problem is linked to the DHT service,
|
||||
we proposed some improvements (disabling the DHT server, keeping an in-memory index of the blocks, and using the S3 back-end only for user data).
|
||||
|
||||
From an IPFS design perspective, it seems however that the numerous small blocks handled by the protocol
|
||||
do not map trivially to efficient use of the S3 API, and thus could be a limiting factor to any optimization work.
|
||||
|
||||
As part of my testing journey, I also stumbled upon some posts about performance issues on IPFS (eg. [#6283](https://github.com/ipfs/go-ipfs/issues/6283))
|
||||
that are not linked with the S3 connector. I might be negatively influenced by my failure to connect IPFS with S3,
|
||||
but at this point I'm tempted to think that IPFS is intrinsically resource-intensive.
|
||||
but at this point, I'm tempted to think that IPFS is intrinsically resource-intensive from a block activity perspective.
|
||||
|
||||
On our side at Deuxfleurs, we will continue our investigations towards more *minimalistic* software.
|
||||
This choice makes sense for us as we want to reduce the ecological impact of our services
|
||||
by deploying less servers, that use less energy, and that are renewed less frequently.
|
||||
by deploying fewer servers, that use less energy, and are renewed less frequently.
|
||||
|
||||
After discussing with Peergos maintainers, we identified that it is possible to run Peergos without IPFS.
|
||||
With some optimizations on the block size, we envision great synergies between Garage and Peergos that could lead to
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue